This is a blog about an ongoing PhD research. The aim is designing a mathematical model for ghrelin, insulin and leptin, having glucose control as commonplace.
Welcome words
1. Introduction
Ghrelin, produced mainly in the stomach, is an appetite stimulating hormone, an powerful orexigenic bio-molecule; i.e. it triggers the need for food, our appetite. It has been discovered in 1999 by Japanese scientists, but largely spread-out by British groups, and so then it has been a quite important piece for taking in the workings of feeding patterns and behaviors.
Ghrelin is an amino acid peptide, related to growth hormone, which is secreted primarily in the stomach but is found throughout the gastrointestinal system and even in the hypothalamus and amygdala, among other sites, such as the heart and pancreas. Some claims that the name comes from Growth Hormone releasing, by shorting and gathering, we encounter ghrelin. But exactly how ghrelin exerts its effect is not clear, neither how it is produced, e.g. the complete profile for triggering ghrelin activation and inhibition.
2. The complex process of eating
We can say that eating is one of the simplest activities, it is not necessary being an Einstein for eating with style. Nonetheless, within the body, it is a quite complex process, maybe amongst the most complex ones, given that we are still try to understand it properly for treating medical conditions such as obesity.
This picture presents the ghrelin receptors in the brain. Source: Nelson and Cox (2004, p.912)
Ghrelin mathematical model (current)
This is the current model for ghrelin
Aim
This is the general picture of what is chased
Future works
Future works
Likely not for now
- Image processing;
Hypothesized relationship between ghrelin and tastants
Hypothesized relationship between ghrelin and tastants. See https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281683781_Taste_and_the_regulation_of_food_intake_It%27s_not_just_about_flavor/reviews/168301
Posts
Below are the posts, organized in order of publication, FPLS (First Published, Last Shown)
Monday, November 30, 2015
Ghrelin as an appetite and homeostasis regulator: a review for a mathematical model (on the board)
Ghrelin as an appetite and homeostasis regulator: a
review for a mathematical model
Abstract
Aims. This document has two foremost purposes:
1) produce a (biased) mini-review on ghrelin as an orexigenic hormone; and 2)
lay down three potential laws for the ghrelin dynamics. The two aims should
serves well an ongoing mathematical model for ghrelin dynamics.
Methods. It was applied two methods: 1) a
systematic literature review for leptin and ghrelin. In parallel, it was as
well searched other hormones, e.g. cholecystokinin and glucagon; and 2)
“blackboard” (talks and discussions) dialogs. After a considerable literature
was reviewed, it was chosen about five papers. The selection was done mainly guided
by two criteria: 1) the paper lay down important results about ghrelin for the
mathematical modeling; 2) the paper had a “high number” of citations; the
number of citations was judged qualitatively.
Results. Three laws can be laid down for
ghrelin dynamics: 1. Ghrelin is produced in two parallel and independent
processes; i.e. short-term and long-term; 2. Short-term dynamics (i.e. food
intake related) is meal-time profile related; 3. Long-term dynamics (i.e.
energy homeostasis related) is body mass profile related. Further, the zeroth
law is: ghrelin rises before meals and fall off after.
Conclusion. The literature review produced three
laws for ghrelin dynamics. So far, we have tested the laws in a mathematical
model (set of ordinary differential equations), not included herein, and the
results seem thought-provoking.
Grelina como um hormônio de
controle de apetite e homeostase: uma revisão para um modelo matemático
Resumo
Objetivos. Este manuscrito possui como desígnios fundamentais
dois pontos-chaves: 1) produzir uma mini-revisão tendenciosa ao hormônio
grelina como um hormônio orexigênico; 2) propor três potencias regras para a
dinâmica da grelina. Os objetivos serviram como pilares para um arquétipo
matemático em construção.
Métodos. Foram empregados principalmente dois métodos:
1) pesquisa sistêmica da literatura empregando grelina, leptina e insulina como
hormônios-chaves, e de forma adicional, outros como colecistocinina e glucagon;
e 2) discussões em “quadro-negro” (apresentações para o grupo de pesquisa e discussões). Depois de uma
consideração cuidadosa da literatura, foram selecionados em torno de cinco
artigos. A seleção usou como critérios básicos: 1) o artigo apontava algo
importante para a pesquisa; 2) o artigo possui alto número de citações; o
número de citações foi algo qualitativo.
Resultados. três leis foram propostas para a
dinâmica intrínseca da grelina: 1. Grelina é produzida em dois processos
paralelos e independentes, sendo um de longo-prazo e outro de curto-prazo; 2. A dinâmica de curto-prazo é
correlacionada com os padrões de alimentações; 3. A dinâmica de longo-prazo é
correlacionada com os padrões de peso. E adicionalmente uma lei básica foi
proposta e chamada de lei zero.
Conclusões. Uma analise da literatura produziu
três leis básicas para a dinâmica da grelina. Posto desta forma. Essas foram
aplicadas em um modelo matemático não incluso neste artigo, um conjunto de
equações diferenciais ordinárias, e os resultados são promissores.
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